Retopology is the process of creating a new topology, as the name suggests, of an existing high-density detailed mesh with optimal clean geometry.
This technique is widely used by 3D artists who wish to create animations, virtual or augmented reality (VR/AR) digital assets out of the existing 3D surfaces or models.
It is the art of converting a complex mesh (high resolution) into a simpler one (low resolution) suited for digital use.

Why do we need to retopologize?

Because complex meshes are difficult to animate, it is a requisite to lower the resolution and the polygon count of a soon to be animated 3D model (for movies or video games).

Because complex meshes are difficult to animate, it is a requisite to lower the resolution and the polygon count of a soon to be animated 3D model (for movies or video games).

This process also allows 3D artists to create suitable 3D models right from the start using a much more convenient workflow.
Though the process is still known to be quite complex, it used to be even more difficult and highly technical in the past since a 3D artist had to build a mesh polygon by polygon.
In place of such methods, 3D artists nowadays start the process by sculpting from a high-resolution model and work backward.
Another added advantage of using retopology is the easier addition of textures onto retopologized materials, which are free of distortions and other issues that can exist in free-sculpted 3D meshes.
Other common partical reasons why 3D artists retopologize inculde polishing 3D scans, which often need optimization before use.

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